Natural biomaterials in the management of the aortic valve pathology. Biomedical and clinical aspects: A review

Abstract

Heart valve diseases are a prevalent cardiovascular pathology worldwide, affecting nearly 2.5% of the population. Degenerative aortic stenosis is the most common form of heart valve disease. The treatment options include surgical or transcatheter procedures. There are two main categories of valve prostheses available: mechanical heart valves constructed from synthetic materials and bioprosthetic heart valves made from natural biomaterials. The choice of valve type depends on various factors, including the underlying medical condition, suitability for anticoagulation, valve durability, and the patient’s age and preferences. Mechanical heart valves have the advantage of long-term durability. However, patients receiving mechanical implants are subjected to lifelong anticoagulation therapy with an increased risk of thromboembolism and bleeding. Natural biomaterials do not require long-term anticoagulation. However, they experience degenerative changes leading to structural valve deterioration that may require reoperation. The purpose of this article is to review the role of natural biological materials used for aortic valve replacement or repair, assess their biomedical and clinical advantages and limitations, and analyze the direction and perspectives of future development.