Remifentanil-induced preconditioning has cross-talk with A1 and A2B adenosine receptors in ischemic-reperfused rat heart

Authors

  • Yong-Cheol Lee Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University
  • Jiyoon Jung Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University
  • Sang-Jin Park Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2016.738

Keywords:

Adenosine, Cross-talk, Remifentanil, Reperfusion, Preconditioning

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a cross-talk between opioid receptors (OPRs) and adenosine receptors (ADRs) in remifentanil preconditioning (R-Pre) and, if so, to investigate the types of ADRs involved in the cross-talk. Isolated rat hearts received 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. OPR and ADR antagonists were perfused from 10 min before R-Pre until the end of R-Pre. The heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP),velocity of contraction (+dP/dtmax), and coronary flow (CF) were recorded. The area at risk and area of necrosis were measured. After reperfusion, the LVDP, +dP/dtmax,and CF showed a significant increase in the R-Pre group compared with the control group (no intervention before or after regional ischemia). These increases in the R-Pre group were blocked by naloxone, a nonspecific ADR antagonist, an A1 ADR antagonist, and an A2B ADR antagonist. The infarct size was reduced significantly in the R-Pre group compared with the control group. The infarct-reducing effect in the R-Pre group was blocked by naloxone, the nonspecific ADR antagonist, the A1 ADR antagonist, and the A2B ADR antagonist. The results of this study demonstrate that there is cross-talk between ADRs and OPRs in R-Pre and that A1 ADR and A2B ADR appear to be involved in the cross-talk.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Zhang Y, Irwin MG, Wong TM. Remifentanil preconditioning protects against ischemic injury in the intact rat heart. Anesthesiology 2004;101(4):918-923.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200410000-00017

Kim HS, Kim SY, Kwak YL, Hwang KC, Shim YH. Hyperglycemia attenuates myocardial preconditioning of remifentanil. J Surg Res 2012;174(2):231-237.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.01.018

Rork TH, Wallace KL, Kennedy DP, Marshall MA, Lankford AR, Linden J. Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces infarct size in the isolated, perfused mouse heart by inhibiting resident cardiac mast cell degranulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;295:H1825–1833. 10.1152/ajpheart.495.2008.-Mast:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.495.2008.-Mast.

Xi J, McIntosh R, Shen X, Lee S, Chanoit G, Criswell H, et al. Adenosine A2A and A2B receptors work in concert to induce a strong protection against reperfusion injury in rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009;47(5):684-690.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.08.009

Downey JM, Davis AM, Cohen MV. Signaling pathways in ischemic preconditioning. Heart Fail Rev 2007;12(3-4):181-188.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-007-9025-2

Lee JW, Joshi S, Chan JS, Wong YH. Differential coupling of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors to Gα16-mediated stimulation of phospholipase C. J Neurochem 1998;70:2203-2211.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70052203.x

Zhang Y, Irwin MG, Wong TM, Chen M, Cao CM. Remifentanil preconditioning confers cardioprotection via cardiac κ- and δ-opioid receptors. Anesthesiology 2005;102:371-378.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200502000-00020

Peart JN, Gross GJ. Adenosine and opioid receptor-mediated cardioprotection in the rat: evidence for cross-talk between receptors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;285(1):H81-89.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00985.2002

Parsons M, Young L, Lee JE, Jacobson KA, Liang BT. Distinct cardioprotective effects of adenosine mediated by differential coupling of receptor subtypes to phospholipases C and D. FASEB J 2000;14:1423-1431.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.14.10.1423

Peart J, Willems L, Headrick JP. Receptor and non-receptor-dependent mechanisms of cardioprotection with adenosine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;284:H519-527.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00717.2002

Kato R, Ross S, Foëx P. Fentanyl protects the heart against ischaemic injury via opioid receptors, adenosine A1 receptors and KATP channel linked mechanisms in rats. Br J Anaesth 2000;84:204-214.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013404

Chen Z, Li T, Zhang B. Morphine postconditioning protects against reperfusion injury in the isolated rat hearts. J Surg Res 2008;145(2):287-294.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.020

Strande JL, Hsu A, Su J, Fu X, Gross GJ, Baker JE. Inhibiting protease-activated receptor 4 limits myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hearts by unmasking adenosine signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;324(3):1045-1054.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.133595

Ebrahimi S, Faghihi M, Keshavarz M, Kadkhodaee M, Mirershadi F, Asadi B. Anti-infarct effect of magnesium is not mediated by adenosine A1 receptors in rat globally ischaemic isolated hearts. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004;31:868-872.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04128.x

Monahan TS, Sawmiller DR, Fenton RA, Dobson JGJ. Adenosine A2a-receptor activation increases contractility in isolated perfused hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;279:H1472–1481.

Park SS, Zhao H, Jang Y, Mueller RA, Xu Z. N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide confers cardioprotection at reperfusion by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening via glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318(1):124-131.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.101477

Kaplan GB L-MK, Sears MT. Alterations of adenosine A1 receptors in morphine dependence. Brain Res 1994;657:347-350.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)90990-3

Sandner-Kiesling A, Li X, Eisenach JC. Morphine-induced spinal release of adenosine is reduced in neuropathic rats. Anesthesiology 2001;95:1455-1459.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200112000-00026

Headrick JP, Hack B, Ashton KJ. Acute adenosinergic cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;285:H1797–1818.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00407.2003

Kuno A, Critz SD, Cui L, Solodushko V, Yang XM, Krahn T, et al. Protein kinase C protects preconditioned rabbit hearts by increasing sensitivity of adenosine A2b-dependent signaling during early reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007;43(3):262-271.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.05.016

Philipp S, Yang XM, Cui L, Davis AM, Downey JM, Cohen MV. Postconditioning protects rabbit hearts through a protein kinase C-adenosine A2b receptor cascade. Cardiovasc Res 2006;70(2):308-314.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.02.014

Remifentanil-induced preconditioning has cross-talk with A1 and A2B adenosine receptors in ischemic-reperfused rat heart

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2016-01-01

How to Cite

1.
Lee Y-C, Jung J, Park S-J. Remifentanil-induced preconditioning has cross-talk with A1 and A2B adenosine receptors in ischemic-reperfused rat heart. Biomol Biomed [Internet]. 2016Jan.1 [cited 2023Mar.26];16(1):64-70. Available from: https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/738

Issue

Vol. 16 No. 1 (2016)

Section

Translational and Clinical Research

INTRODUCTION

Remifentanil is a potent ultra-short-acting synthetic opioid that is widely used during general anesthesia including cardiac anesthesia for fast-tracking. Remifentanil preconditioning (R-Pre) could effectively provide cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) in rat hearts [1,2]. Additionally, adenosine, an endogenous nucleotide, has been shown to increase by several-fold during ischemia and protect the myocardium from reperfusion injury [3,4].

The cardioprotective signaling pathways by R-Pre and adenosine appear to be similar. The opioid receptor (OPR) and adenosine receptor (ADR) are guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The activation of GPCRs converges on a key event in the cardioprotective process hypothesized to be stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) [5]. The OPR has been reported to stimulate phospholipase C [6]. The cardioprotection of R-Pre is mediated via PKC and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium (mKATP) channels [7]. Additionally, ADRs are linked to signal transduction pathways including phospholipase C, PKC, and the mKATP channel in adenosine mediated protection [8-10]. Functional coupling between the OPR family and ADRs has been previously demonstrated. In isolated rat hearts, improvement of post-ischemic cardiac function by a synthetic opioid analgesic, fentanyl, was reduced by the nonselective OPR antagonist naloxone and the selective A1ADR antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) [11]. In addition, the cardioprotective effect of the A1ADR agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine and morphine were attenuated by the δ-OPR antagonist 7-benzylidenenaltrexone maleate and DPCPX, respectively [8]. These examples suggest the possibility that there is cross-talk between the OPRs and ADRs in the cardioprotection mediated by remifentanil. However, the specific type of ADR responsible for cross-talk with OPR in R-Pre remains unclear among the four subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3).

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is cross-talk between OPRs and ADRs in the cardiac protection mediated by R-Pre. In addition, we attempted to investigate the specific subtypes of ADR involved in the cross-talk with OPR in R-Pre.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experimental procedures and protocols used in this study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

Drugs and chemicals

Remifentanil (Ultiva®) was purchased from GlaxoSmithKline Manufacturing (Parma, Italy). The nonspecific OPR antagonist naloxone was purchased from Reyon Pharmaceutical Corporation (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The nonspecific ADR antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl) theophylline hydrate (8-SPT) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The A1ADR antagonist DPCPX, A2AADR antagonist 4-(2-[7-amino-2-[2-furyl][1,2,4]triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385), A2BADR antagonist N-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-[4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)phenoxy]acetamide (MRS1706), and A3ADR antagonist 1,4-dihydro-2-methyl-6-phenyl-4-(phenylethynyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl-5-[(3-nitrophenyl)methyl]ester (MRS1334) were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Minneapolis, MN, USA). The fluorescent polymer microspheres were purchased from Duke Scientific (Palo Alto, CA, USA). The other chemicals and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Naloxone and 8-SPT were dissolved in distilled water. The ADR antagonists were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The stock chemicals were stored at -20°C and diluted with Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution to the required final concentrations on the day of each experiment.

Experimental procedure

Two researchers participated in the study. The first researcher was aware of the group assignment of each rat heart, whereas the second researcher was not. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 gm obtained from Koatech Corporation (Cheongwon-gun, Republic of Korea) were used. The rats received intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium and 300 IU of heparin. The rats’ hearts were then isolated and mounted to a Langendorff apparatus and perfused with a modified KH solution containing (in mM) 118.5 NaCl, 4.7 KCl, 1.2 MgSO4, 1.8 CaCl2, 24.8 NaHCO3, 1.2 KH2PO4, and 10 glucose. A snare was made at the level of the proximal length of the left coronary artery (LCA) and its major branches. Regional ischemia was induced by pulling the snare and was confirmed by regional cyanosis and a substantial decrease in left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP). Reperfusion was initiated by releasing the snare.

The rat hearts received 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. The hearts were randomly assigned to one of the following groups according to a computer-generated random table: 1) CON: control, no intervention before or after LCA occlusion, 2) R-Pre: remifentanil preconditioning with 100 ng/mL of remifentanil hydrochloride in three cycles of administration for 5 min interspersed with 5-min drug-free periods, 3) R-Pre+NAL: 100 µM of pretreatment with naloxone in the R-Pre group, 4) R-Pre+SPT: 10 µM of 8-SPT pretreatment in the R-Pre group, 5) R-Pre+DPCPX: 200 nM of DPCPX pretreatment in the R-Pre group, 6) R-Pre+ZM: 100 nM of ZM241385 pretreatment in the R-Pre group, 7) R-Pre+M1706: 15 nM of MRS1706 pretreatment in the R-Pre group, 8) R-Pre+M1334: 100 nM of MRS1334 pretreatment in the R-Pre group. The research object number in each group was eight.

TABLE 1: Baseline coronary flow and cardiodynamic data

The OPR and ADR antagonists were perfused from 10 min before R-Pre until the end of R-Pre (40 min) (Figure 1). The concentrations of all of the antagonists were based on previous studies performed on isolated working rat hearts that had no effect on infarct size in hearts subjected to I/R [4,12-16].

FIGURE 1: Experimental protocols. Hearts were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 2 hr of reperfusion. R-Pre was induced by 100 ng/mL of remifentanil hydrochloride in three cycles of administration for 5 min interspersed with 5-min drug-free periods (gray rectangles). Adenosine or opioid receptor antagonists were perfused from 10 min before R-Pre. CON: untreated control hearts; R-Pre: remifentanil preconditioning.

Measurements

The second researcher, who was blinded to the group assignment, measured the cardiac function and infarction size of the heart. In the isolated hearts, an air-bubble free, KH buffer-filled latex balloon was inserted into the left ventricle (LV) through the left atrial appendage. The volume of the balloon was adjusted using the BIOPAC system (BIOPAC Systems Inc., Goleta, CA, USA) to provide and sustain a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 5 to 10 mmHg from the beginning of the experiment. The heart rate (HR), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), LVEDP, and velocity of contraction (+dP/dtmax) were continuously recorded using the BIOPAC system. LVDP was calculated as the difference between the LVSP and the LVEDP. Coronary flow (CF) was measured by the timed collection of the perfusate dripping from the heart into a graduated cylinder.

After 2 hr of reperfusion, the snare was retightened and a fluorescent polymer microsphere was injected to distinguish the normal, non-ischemic region and the area at risk (AR). The hearts were removed from the Langendorff system, drained and weighed. They were then frozen for 3 hr at -20°C. The hearts were cut into 2 mm thick transverse slices using a rat heart slicer matrix (Zivic Instruments, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). The slices of the LV were incubated in TTC in sodium phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) at 37°C for 20 min and subsequently immersed in 10% formalin to enhance the contrast. The LV was removed from the remaining tissue. The area at risk in the LV was identified by illumination with ultraviolet light. The area of necrosis (AN, unstained with TTC) in the LV was traced on a clear acetate transparent sheet and quantified using UTHSCSA ImageTool, Version 3.0 (Department of Dental Diagnostic Science at The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA). The areas were converted into volumes by multiplying them by slice thickness. The AN volumes were expressed as a percentage of the AR volume. All of the morphometric measurements were blindly performed by an independent technician. The primary end point was the AN in the LV. Secondarily, the CF, HR, LVDP, and +dP/dtmax were measured.

Exclusion criteria

Any heart with a HR < 250 beats/min, CF > 18 mL/min or < 8 mL/min, or LVDP < 80 mmHg when the LVEDP was maintained at 5-10 mmHg at the end of stabilization was excluded from the study. Any heart exhibiting arrhythmia during the stabilization period was excluded as well.

Statistical analysis

The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post-hoc testing. Null hypotheses of no difference were rejected if the p values were less than 0.05. The data analysis was performed using a personal computer statistical software package (SPSS for Windows, version 21.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

A total of 67 rat hearts were used in the experiments. Three hearts were excluded for the following reasons: HR < 250 beats/min (n = 2) and LVDP < 80 mmHg (n = 1) after the stabilization period. The number of hearts that successfully completed the infarct experimental study was 64, and the research object number in each group was eight. Thirty-seven hearts (6 in CON, 4 in R-Pre, 4 in R-Pre+NAL, 6 in R-Pre+SPT, 4 in R-Pre+DPCPX, 4 in R-Pre+ZM, 4 in R-pre+M1706, and 5 in R-Pre+M1334) experienced episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during early reperfusion and typically reverted spontaneously to a sinus rhythm. A statistical analysis was not performed for the occurrence of VF because of the small sample size in each group.

Coronary flow

No significant differences in the baseline CF were observed among the groups, with an average of 7.1 to 8.0 mL/min/gm (Table 1). After reperfusion for 2 hr, the CF was compared to the baseline level (Figure 2). In the control group, the CF decreased to 50.7 ± 5.5% from the baseline level. In the R-Pre group, the CF increased significantly compared with the control group after reperfusion (80.0 ± 5.1%, p < 0.01). The nonspecific OPR antagonist naloxone (51.1 ± 3.9%) and the nonspecific ADR antagonist 8-SPT (47.7 ± 5.8%) significantly attenuated the increase in the CF of the R-Pre group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001 vs. R-Pre, respectively). Additionally, the increase in the CF of the R-Pre group was blocked by the A1ADR antagonist DPCPX (56.8 ± 5.7%, p < 0.05) and the A2BADR antagonist MRS1706 (54.4 ± 4.5%, p < 0.01); it was not blocked by the A2AADR antagonist ZM241385 (71.1 ± 5.8%) and the A3ADR antagonist MRS1334 (72.5 ± 6.7%).

FIGURE 2: Percent changes in coronary flow after 2 hr of reperfusion compared to baseline levels in isolated rat hearts. R-Pre significantly increases the recovery of coronary flow compared to CON after reperfusion. Increase in coronary flow by R-Pre is blocked by NAL and SPT. DPCPX and M1706 also block the increase in coronary flow by R-Pre. The research object number in each group was eight. CON: Untreated control hearts; R-Pre: Remifentanil preconditioning; NAL: Nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist naloxone; SPT: Nonspecific adenosine receptor (ADR) antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl) theophylline hydrate; DPCPX: A1ADR antagonist; ZM: A2AADR antagonist ZM241385; M1706: A2BADR antagonist MRS1706; M1334: A3ADR antagonist MRS1334; *: p < 0.05 vs. CON.

Cardiac functional recovery data

The baseline values of HR, LVDP, and +dP/dtmax after stabilization are shown in Table 1. No differences in the baseline cardiodynamic parameters were observed among the groups. Figure 3 shows the recovery of HR, LVDP, and +dP/dtmax compared to baseline levels. After reperfusion for 2 hr, the HR, LVDP, and +dP/dtmax in the control hearts were 81.8 ± 3.8%, 40.7 ± 3.6%, and 38.4 ± 3.9% of the baseline levels, respectively. No significant differences were observed among the groups in HR. LVDP was significantly increased in the R-Pre group compared with the control group (53.2 ± 2.4%, p < 0.05). Naloxone (41.0 ± 3.2%) and 8-SPT (35.7 ± 2.7%) completely abrogated the increase of LVDP in the R-Pre group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, DPCPX (40.2 ± 3.0%) and MRS1706 (39.4 ± 3.4%) abrogated the increase of LVDP in the R-Pre group (p < 0.01). However, ZM241385 (53.4 ± 2.7%) and MRS1334 (52.1 ± 1.3%) did not block the increase of LVDP in the R-Pre group.

FIGURE 3: Percent changes in heart rate, LVDP, and +dP/dtmax after 2 hr of reperfusion compared to baseline levels in isolated rat hearts. R-Pre significantly increases the recovery of LVDP and +dP/dtmax compared to CON after reperfusion. Increases in LVDP and +dP/dtmax by R-Pre are blocked by NAL and SPT. DPCPX and M1706 also block increases in LVDP and +dP/dtmax by R-Pre. The research object number in each group was eight. LVDP: Left ventricular developed pressure; +dP/dtmax: Velocity of contraction; CON: untreated control hearts; R-Pre: remifentanil preconditioning; NAL: Nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist naloxone; SPT: Nonspecific adenosine receptor (ADR) antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline hydrate; DPCPX: A1ADR antagonist; ZM: A2AADR antagonist ZM241385; M1706: A2BADR antagonist MRS1706; M1334: A3ADR antagonist MRS1334; *: p < 0.05 vs. CON.

Compared with the control group, +dP/dtmax showed a significant increase in the R-Pre group (49.2 ± 2.8%, p < 0.05). Naloxone (37.8 ± 4.0%, p < 0.01), 8-SPT (34.3 ± 3.7%, p < 0.001), DPCPX (39.9 ± 2.4, p < 0.05), and MRS1706 (40.4 ± 1.7, p < 0.05) completely blocked the increase of +dP/dtmax in the R-Pre group. However, ZM241385 (50.3 ± 2.1%) and MRS1334 (51.2 ± 2.0%) did not block the increase of +dP/dtmax in the R-Pre group.

Morphometric analysis

No significant differences in body weight and heart weight were observed among the groups (Table 2). The risk volume averaged 0.387 cm3 to 0.446 cm3 with no statistically significant differences among the groups. The AR/LV ranged from 58.7% to 64.7% with no significant differences among all of the groups, implying that the changes in infarct size were not related to the degree of AR in our experiments. As shown in Figure 4, the AN in the control hearts was 34.9 ± 2.6% of the AR, and the AN/AR in the R-Pre group was significantly reduced compared with the untreated control hearts (20.7 ± 2.5%, p < 0.01). This infarct-reducing effect of the R-Pre group was significantly reversed by naloxone (37.0 ± 3.1%, p < 0.01) and 8-SPT (35.6 ± 2.9%, p < 0.01). Figure 5 shows the effect of four subtypes of ADR antagonists on the anti-infarct effect of R-Pre. The addition of DPCPX (38.0 ± 2.8%, p < 0.01) or MRS1706 (39.6 ± 3.1%, p < 0.001) before R-Pre prevented the infarct-sparing effect in the R-Pre. However, the administration of ZM241385 (22.6 ± 1.6%) or MRS1334 (22.7 ± 3.0%) had no significant effect on the AN/AR compared with the R-Pre group (20.7 ± 2.5%).

TABLE 2: Morphometric data
FIGURE 4: AN and AR evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining following 30 min of occlusion and 2 hr of reperfusion in isolated rat hearts. The research object number in each group was eight. (A) Sequential left ventricle slices of a representative object in each group. Pale area represents an area of necrosis with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. (B) Percent of AN over AR. Each circle represents one heart. Horizontal bars depict mean of the group. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. AN/AR is significantly reduced by R-Pre compared to CON. This infarct-reducing effect of R-Pre is significantly reversed by NAL and SPT. AN: Area of necrosis; AR: area at risk; CON: untreated control hearts; R-Pre: remifentanil preconditioning; NAL: nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist naloxone; SPT: nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline hydrate; *: p < 0.05 vs. CON.
FIGURE 5: AN and AR by pretreatment of four different subtypes of adenosine receptor antagonist in isolated rat hearts. The research object number in each group was eight. (A) Sequential left ventricle slices of a representative object in each group. Pale area represents AN with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. (B) Percent of AN over AR. Each circle represents one heart. Horizontal bars depict mean of the group. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. AN/AR is significantly reduced by R-Pre compared to CON. This infarct-reducing effect of R-Pre is significantly reversed by DPCPX and M1706. AN: area of necrosis; AR: area at risk; CON: untreated control hearts; R-Pre: remifentanil preconditioning; DPCPX: A1 adenosine receptor (ADR) antagonist; ZM: A2A ADR antagonist ZM241385; M1706: A2B ADR antagonist MRS1706; M1334: A3 ADR antagonist MRS1334; *: p < 0.05 vs. CON.

DISCUSSION

This study showed that activation of the OPR by R-Pre produced cardiac protection against I/R injury, and this effect was blocked by the nonspecific ADR antagonist 8-SPT as well as by the nonspecific OPR antagonist naloxone. In addition, selective A1ADR and A2BADR antagonists (DPCPX and MRS1706) blocked the cardioprotective effect of R-Pre. The results of this study suggest that there are functional interactions between OPRs and ADRs in the cardiac protection mediated by R-Pre in isolated rat hearts and that A1ADR and A2BADR, in particular, are involved.

Adenosine, an endogenous nucleotide, is released from the myocardium during I/R and relieves ischemic damage. The ADRs consist of four subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3ADR) and all of the subtypes play roles in the cardioprotective effects mediated by adenosine [3,4,8,15,16]. According to a previous report, the cardiac protection produced by administration before an ischemic insult of an ADR agonist or the nonselective OPR agonist morphine was blocked by an ADR or OPR antagonist [8]. Additionally, it has been reported that the protective effect of fentanyl, a preferential µ-OPR agonist, in preconditioning against myocardial ischemic injury was abolished by an ADR antagonist [11]. These examples and the results of this study suggest the existence of a functional cross-talking effect between ADRs and OPRs in the cardiac protection mediated by R-Pre.

The cellular mechanisms whereby the ADR antagonists block R-Pre mediated cardiac protection are unclear. A possible hypothesis is that the interaction of remifentanil with OPRs could cause release of adenosine, which in turn acts on ADRs to produce a cardioprotective effect [11]. Previous studies have shown that concentrations of cortical A1ADR were increased following treatment with morphine in mice [17], and morphine induced a concentration-dependent release of adenosine in the central nervous system [18]. Such release of adenosine by remifentanil might occur in the heart. Therefore, it is possible that ADRs and OPRs are coupled functionally.

In this study, we investigated the specific subtypes of ADR involved in the cross-talk with OPR in R-Pre using selective ADR antagonists. We found that the cardioprotective effect of remifentanil was abolished by the selective A1ADR antagonist DPCPX and the A2BADR antagonist MRS1706; however, the A2AADR antagonist and the A3ADR antagonist failed to attenuate the cardioprotective effect of R-Pre. A previous study proposed, as well, that the A1ADR was involved in morphine’s δ-OPR mediated cardiac protection [8]. In addition, fentanyl, a µ-OPR agonist like remifentanil, has been reported to improve post-ischemic cardiac mechanical function and this effect was blocked by the selective A1ADR antagonist DPCPX [11]. These results correspond to the findings of this study in that an A1ADR antagonist abolished the anti-infarct effect of R-Pre and there were functional interactions between the A1ADR and OPRs in the cardiac protection mediated by R-Pre.

Additionally, this study showed that A2BADR appeared to have cross-talk with OPRs in the cardiac protection mediated by R-Pre. A2BADR is generally found in vascular and blood cells and to mediate vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory actions [19]. Recent studies demonstrated that activation of the A2BADR against myocardial I/R provided an anti-infarct effect and that activation of PKC in the heart was involved in the process of protection [4,20,21]. Contrary to our results, a selective A3ADR antagonist was reported to block the cardioprotective effect of morphine, indicating that A3ADR is involved in δ-OPR mediated cardiac protection [8]. These conflicting results might be because of differences in the opioids used in the studies. Peart and Gross [8] used the nonselective OPR agonist morphine, whereas remifentanil, a selective µ-OPR agonist, was utilized in this study. In addition, the previous studies on cross-talk with ADRs in morphine or fentanyl aimed to determine whether ADRs were involved in the mechanisms of their cardioprotection so they only examined A1ADR or A3ADR [8,11]. Furthermore, the role of A2BADR has remained considerably unexplored compared with the active investigation of the roles of other subtypes in cardiac protection at I/R. The specific mechanisms by which ADRs interact with OPRs in the cardioprotective effect remain unknown. Therefore, the additional study on the rest of the ADR subtypes in morphine or fentanyl mediated cardioprotection might be helpful in understanding a functional coupling of OPR and ADR in the heart. Additionally, further studies are necessary to investigate the mechanisms involved in cross-talk between OPRs and ADRs, including A2BADR, in the cardioprotective effect of R-Pre.

A limitation of this study is its lack of immunoblot analysis for detection of the expression of specific receptors. Immunoblot analysis, using techniques such as Western blot, could directly demonstrate whether there is cross-talk between the two receptors. We concluded that cross-talk between OPRs and ADRs in R-Pre exists from the changes of cardiac functional data and infarct size, applying the antagonists that target OPRs and ADRs. The changes of hemodynamic data after reperfusion might be occasionally various or conflict with the results of immunoblot analysis and infarct size comparison because of the negative chronotropic effect of opioids. However, in this study, the results of hemodynamic changes after applying the specific antagonists that target OPRs and ADRs corresponded well with the changes of the myocardial infarct size. These coincident results could be helpful in supporting our conclusion. Previous reports regarding the cross-talk between ADR and OPR also obtained the conclusion using indirect evidence such as the improvement of cardiac function and a reduction in infarct size [8,11]. Cardiac functional data and morphometric analysis of infarct size could serve as reasonable evidence of cross-talk between OPRs and ADRs in R-Pre.

In conclusion, this study provides evidence that there is cross-talk between ADRs and OPRs in the cardiac protection mediated by R-Pre in isolated rat hearts. Among the four subtypes of ADRs, the A1 ADR and the A2B ADR appear to be involved in cross-talk between ADRs and OPRs in R-Pre. In addition, the results suggest that OPR and ADR might work together to afford cardioprotection in R-Pre.

DECLARATION OF INTERESTS

The authors declare no conflict of interests.

REFERENCES

  1. , , (). Remifentanil preconditioning protects against ischemic injury in the intact rat heart. Anesthesiology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200410000-00017
  2. , , , , (). Hyperglycemia attenuates myocardial preconditioning of remifentanil. J Surg Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.01.018
  3. , , , , , (). Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces infarct size in the isolated, perfused mouse heart by inhibiting resident cardiac mast cell degranulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.495.2008
  4. , , , , , (). Adenosine A2A and A2B receptors work in concert to induce a strong protection against reperfusion injury in rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.08.009
  5. , , (). Signaling pathways in ischemic preconditioning. Heart Fail Rev. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10741-007-9025-2
  6. , , , (). Differential coupling of µ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors to Gα16-mediated stimulation of phospholipase C. J Neurochem. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70052203.x
  7. , , , , (). Remifentanil preconditioning confers cardioprotection via cardiac κ- and δ-opioid receptors. Anesthesiology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200502000-00020
  8. , (). Adenosine and opioid receptor-mediated cardioprotection in the rat:evidence for cross-talk between receptors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00985.2002
  9. , , , , (). Distinct cardioprotective effects of adenosine mediated by differential coupling of receptor subtypes to phospholipases C and D. FASEB J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.14.10.1423
  10. , , (). Receptor and non-receptor-dependent mechanisms of cardioprotection with adenosine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00717.2002
  11. , , (). Fentanyl protects the heart against ischaemic injury via opioid receptors, adenosine A1 receptors and KATP channel linked mechanisms in rats. Br J Anaesth. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013404
  12. , , (). Morphine postconditioning protects against reperfusion injury in the isolated rat hearts. J Surg Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.020
  13. , , , , , (). Inhibiting protease-activated receptor 4 limits myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat hearts by unmasking adenosine signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.133595
  14. , , , , , (). Anti-infarct effect of magnesium is not mediated by adenosine A1 receptors in rat globally ischaemic isolated hearts. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.04128.x
  15. , , , (). Adenosine A2a-receptor activation increases contractility in isolated perfused hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.
  16. , , , , (). N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5’-N-methylcarboxamide confers cardioprotection at reperfusion by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening via glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.101477
  17. , (). Alterations of adenosine A1 receptors in morphine dependence. Brain Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(94)90990-3
  18. , , (). Morphine-induced spinal release of adenosine is reduced in neuropathic rats. Anesthesiology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200112000-00026
  19. , , (). Acute adenosinergic cardioprotection in ischemic-reperfused hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00407.2003
  20. , , , , , (). Protein kinase C protects preconditioned rabbit hearts by increasing sensitivity of adenosine A2b-dependent signaling during early reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.05.016
  21. , , , , , (). Postconditioning protects rabbit hearts through a protein kinase C-adenosine A2b receptor cascade. Cardiovasc Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.02.014